ProbableEngine

Kahr, Gustav, Ritter Von

2005-11-18T23:00:00.000-08:00

Kahr was appointed provincial governor of Upper Bavaria in 1917. Shortly after the abortive Kapp Putsch against the Weimar Republic in March 1920, Kahr

Aids

2005-10-16T19:50:00.000-07:00

Byname of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome transmissible disease of the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV slowly attacks and destroys the immune system, the body's defense against infection, leaving an individual vulnerable to a variety of other infections and certain malignancies that eventually cause death. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection, during which time

Argun River

2005-07-27T22:30:00.000-07:00

Chinese (Pinyin) Ergun He or (Wade-Giles) O-erh-ku-na Ho

Duchamp, Marcel

2005-07-26T04:00:00.000-07:00

French artist who broke down the boundaries between works of art and everyday objects. After the sensation caused by “Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2” (1912), he painted few other pictures. His irreverence for conventional aesthetic standards led him to devise his famous ready-mades and heralded an artistic revolution. Duchamp was friendly

Turbat

2005-07-23T16:35:00.000-07:00

Town, Balochistan province, Pakistan. The town is located on the left bank of the Kech River, which is a tributary to the Dasht River. The area in which Turbat is situated is drained to the south by the Dasht River; the Makran Range to the north and east descends to coastal plains in the south. The town is a marketplace for dates grown in the surrounding region and has a date-processing

Tiglath-pileser Iii

2005-07-08T14:00:00.000-07:00

King of Assyria (745–727 BC) who inaugurated the last and greatest phase of Assyrian expansion. He subjected Syria and Palestine to his rule, and later (729 or 728) he merged the kingdoms of Assyria and Babylonia.

Caraway

2005-07-06T18:25:00.000-07:00

The dried fruit, commonly called seed, of Carum carvi, a biennial herb of the parsley family (Apiaceae, or Umbelliferae), native to Europe and western Asia and cultivated since ancient times. Caraway has a distinctive aroma reminiscent of anise and a warm, slightly sharp taste. It is used as a seasoning in meat dishes, breads, and cheese and in such vegetables as sauerkraut

Medicine, Geriatrics

2005-06-30T20:15:00.000-07:00

Since the mid-20th century a change has occurred in the population structure in developed countries. The proportion of elderly people has been increasing. Since 1983, however, in most European countries the population growth of that group has leveled off, although it is expected to continue to grow more rapidly than the rest of the population in most countries through

Mindszenty, József

2005-06-23T02:35:00.000-07:00

Politically active from the time of his ordination as a priest in 1915, Mindszenty was arrested as an enemy of totalitarian

La Oroya

2005-06-16T11:45:00.000-07:00

Also called Oroya, city, Junín departamento, central Peru, at the junction of the Mantaro and Yauli rivers on a central plateau of the Andes, at an elevation of 12,195 feet (3,717 m). The city, located in a rich mining region based on the Cerro de Pasco, Morococha, and Casapalca mines, is a smelting and refining centre for copper, zinc, silver, and lead ores; it is also the site of a hydroelectric station fed by

Hawthorn, John Michael

2005-06-13T06:40:00.000-07:00

Hawthorn won his first motorcycle race at 18, turned to sports cars at 21, and two years later, driving a Cooper–Bristol, defeated Juan Manuel Fangio at Goodwood. In 1953, driving for Ferrari, he won the French Grand Prix from Fangio; in 1955 he won the tragic Le

Valence

2005-06-01T16:05:00.000-07:00

Town, capital of Drôme département, Rhône-Alpes région, southeastern France. Valence lies on the left bank of the Rhône River. Built on a succession of terraces bordering the Rhône, the town is dominated by the ancient Cathedral of Saint-Apollinaire, which was consecrated by Pope Urban II in 1095 and completed early in the 12th century. Damage done to the cathedral during the

Patiala

2005-05-18T06:30:00.000-07:00

City, administrative headquarters of Patiala district, Punjab state, northwestern India. The city lies on a major rail line, as well as on a branch of the Sirhind Canal. Founded in 1763 as the capital of the princely state of Patiala, it is a trade and industrial centre; weaving, cotton ginning, distilling, and manufacturing are among its industries. Punjabi University (established

Circulation, Mammals

2005-05-16T11:50:00.000-07:00

Mammals also evolved from reptiles, but not from the same group as did birds, and must have developed their double circulation independently from early reptiles. Nevertheless, several parallel changes occurred, such as the common incorporation of the sinus venosus into the right auricle. The most striking manifestation of different origins is seen in the mammalian

Domei

2005-05-14T09:35:00.000-07:00

Domei was formed in 1964 by a merger of three politically moderate federations that opposed the leftist stance of the larger and more militant union Sohyo. Unlike the majority of Sohyo members, who were public employees, most Domei members worked for private-sector firms. Domei was a supporter of the Democratic

Ludwig, Carl F.w.

2005-03-15T18:02:00.000-08:00

A professor of physiology at the universities of Marburg (1846 - 49), Z�rich (1849 - 55), Vienna (1855 - 65), and Leipzig (1865 - 95), Ludwig is best known for his study of the cardiovascular system. He invented (1847) a device known as a kymograph to record changes in arterial blood

Abzug, Bella

2005-03-14T01:04:00.000-08:00

The daughter of Russian-Jewish �migr�s, Bella Savitsky attended Hunter College (B.A., 1942) and Columbia University Law School, where she specialized

Tiffany, Charles Lewis

2005-03-11T11:24:00.000-08:00

Tiffany went to New York City in 1837 and with John B. Young opened a stationery and fancy-goods store, which soon expanded to offer jewelry and silverware as well. It became Tiffany, Young,

Zamakhshari, Abu Al-qasim Mahmud Ibn 'umar Az-

2005-03-04T05:29:00.000-08:00

As a theologian, he was one of the Mu'tazilite school. As a philologist, he considered Arabic the queen of languages, in spite of the fact that his own mother tongue was Persian. His commentary on the Qur'an, al-Kashshaf 'an Haq

Animal

2005-03-03T04:21:00.000-08:00

(kingdom Animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i.e., as distinct from bacteria, their deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is contained in a membrane-bound nucleus). They are thought to have evolved independently from the unicellular eukaryotes. Animals differ from members of the two other kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes, the plants (Plantae)

Eagles, The

2005-03-02T07:32:00.000-08:00

Marc Shapiro, The Story of the Eagles: The Long Run (1995), is a biography. Marc Eliot, To the Limit: The Untold Story of the Eagles (1997), contains copious information on the band's formation and business dealings. James Hunter, �The Eagles,� in Paul Kingsbury (ed.), Country on Compact Disc (1993), pp. 55 - 56, is an evaluative recordings entry with special emphasis on how the Eagles' studio style affected some Nashville artists during the 1990s. �The Eagles,� in Patricia Romanowski, Holly George-Warren, and Jon Pareles (eds.), The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock

Amorphous Solid, Magnetic glasses

2005-03-01T09:49:00.000-08:00

The last entry in the Table is an application of metallic glasses having magnetic properties. These are typically iron-rich amorphous solids with compositions such as Fe0.8B0.2 iron-boron and Fe0.8B0.1Si0.1 iron-boron-silicon. They are readily formed as long metallic glass ribbons by melt spinning or as wide sheets by planar flow casting. Ferromagnetic glasses are mechanically

Priesthood, Ancient Judaism

2005-02-28T05:02:00.000-08:00

When Christianity became the legal religion of the Roman Empire after AD 313, it had already inherited from its Jewish background a concept of an organized priesthood. The Jewish priesthood had been centralized in the Temple at Jerusalem (destroyed by the Romans in AD 70) since the 10th century BC. The Hebrew designations for those who exercised oracular, divinatory, and ecstatic

Smibert, John

2005-02-27T19:56:00.000-08:00

Smibert was apprenticed to a house painter in Edinburgh and in 1709 went to London. In 1713 he studied at London's Great Queen Street's Academy, which was run by Sir Godfrey Kneller, whose late-Baroque style would

Conti, Louis-armand I De Bourbon, Prince De

2005-02-26T03:26:00.000-08:00

Eldest surviving son of Armand I de Bourbon, prince of Conti; he succeeded his father in 1666. His marriage (1680) to Marie-Anne de Bourbon (1666 - 1739), daughter of Louis XIV and Louise de La Valli�re, was the first union between a prince of the blood and one of the King's bastards. He served with distinction in Flanders in 1683 and, against the wish of the king, went to

Alexander Of Hales

2005-02-25T00:26:00.000-08:00

Alexander studied and taught in Paris, receiving the degrees of master of arts (before 1210) and theology (1220). He was archdeacon

Shiga Kiyoshi

2005-02-24T23:32:00.000-08:00

Shiga graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1896. Two years earlier he had begun work with Kitasato Shibasaburo, who had discovered the tetanus bacillus. In 1899 Shiga was appointed laboratory director at the Institute for

Australia, Music

2005-02-23T13:16:00.000-08:00

Like the other arts in Australia, music has two distinct traditions: those of the European colonists and those of the indigenous peoples, whose singing and ritual playing of the didjeridu (a drone instrument) reenact the ancient traditions related to a mythological time called the Dreaming, the Aboriginal conception of creation. Contemporary Aboriginal bands

Amur River

2005-02-22T13:43:00.000-08:00

Chinese (Pinyin) �Heilong Jiang �or �(Wade-Giles) �Hei-lung Chiang, �Mongol �Kharamuren � river of East Asia. It is the longest river of the Russian Far East, and it ranks behind only the Yangtze and Huang Ho (Yellow River) among China's longest rivers. Its headwaters rise in Russia (Siberia), Mongolia, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China in the mountains northwest and southeast of the point where their borders meet. The main river flows generally

Pyrite

2005-02-21T07:50:00.000-08:00

Also called �iron pyrite�, or �fool's gold� a naturally occurring iron disulfide mineral. The name comes from the Greek word pyr, �fire,� because pyrite emits sparks when struck by steel. Pyrite is called fool's gold because its colour may deceive the novice into thinking he has discovered a gold nugget. Nodules of pyrite have been found in prehistoric burial mounds, which suggests their use as a means of producing

Integument

2005-02-20T22:15:00.000-08:00

Among unicellular organisms, such as bacteria and protozoans,

San, Saya

2005-02-19T20:16:00.000-08:00

Saya San was a native of Shwebo, a centre of nationalist-monarchist sentiment in north-central Burma that was the birthplace of the Konbaung (or Alaungpaya) dynasty, which controlled Myanmar from 1752 until the British annexation in 1886. He was a Buddhist

San, Saya

2005-02-18T16:26:00.000-08:00

Anthimus Of Iberia

2005-02-17T23:39:00.000-08:00

Romanian�Antim Ivireanul� metropolitan of Walachia (now part of Romania), linguist, typographer, and ecclesiastical writer who contributed greatly to the development of the Romanian language and literature by his translation and printing of biblical and liturgical texts and by his own writings in ethics and asceticism. He is also honoured as one of the earliest Romanian

Macarthur, Charles

2005-02-16T23:58:00.000-08:00

At the age of 17, MacArthur moved to Chicago to begin a career in journalism, which was briefly interrupted by military service, first in 1916 in Mexico and then in World War I. He wrote for the Chicago

Alvarado, Pedro De

2005-02-15T17:19:00.000-08:00

Alvarado went to Santo Domingo in 1510 and in 1518 commanded one of Juan de Grijalva's ships sent from Cuba to explore the Yucat�n Peninsula. In February 1519 he accompanied the army, led from Cuba by Hern�n Cort�s, that was to conquer Mexico. Alvarado was placed

Zala

2005-02-14T03:07:00.000-08:00

Megye (county), western Hungary. Zala has an area of 1,461 square miles (3,784 square km) and consists of wooded, undulating hill country. The Yugoslav border, partly defined by the Drava River, is on the southwest. There is a high incidence of soil erosion on the valley slopes, but along the valley floors are wet meadows and pastures. There has been some canalization of the rivers in Zala,

Mies Van Der Rohe, Ludwig

2005-02-13T09:02:00.000-08:00

Franz Schulze, Mies van der Rohe: A Critical Biography (1985), utilizes a wide array of sources and is well illustrated. Philip C. Johnson, Mies van der Rohe, 3rd ed., rev. (1978), is a scholarly and readable book that first introduced Mies to America. Peter Blake, Mies van der Rohe (1964), is detailed, personal, and authoritative. Werner Blaser, Mies van der Rohe, rev. ed. (1972), contains a fairly complete collection of photographs and drawings of Mies's work with his own brief introduction. David Spaeth, Mies van der Rohe (1985), provides an overview of his architectural career. Interpretations of his work are in Franz Schulze (ed.), Mies van der Rohe (1989), a collection of essays; and Fritz Neumeyer, The Artless World: Mies van der Rohe on the Building Art (1991), which includes an analysis of the influences on the architect's development.

Nicholas Ii

2005-02-12T00:59:00.000-08:00

At the Lateran Council of April 1059, a milestone

Lowell, James Russell

2005-02-11T19:20:00.000-08:00

A member of a distinguished New England family, Lowell graduated from

Hackenschmidt, George

2005-02-10T02:47:00.000-08:00

In Vienna in 1898 Hackenschmidt won the world amateur championship in Greco-Roman wrestling. Turning to professional freestyle wrestling in

Berengar

2005-02-09T17:40:00.000-08:00

After the fall of the emperor Charles III the Fat, Berengar was elected king of Italy

Catalase

2005-02-08T11:04:00.000-08:00

An enzyme that brings about (catalyzes) the reaction by which hydrogen peroxide is decomposed to water and oxygen. Found extensively in mammalian tissues, catalase prevents the accumulation of and protects the body tissues from damage by peroxide, which is continuously produced by numerous metabolic reactions.

Eckermann, Johann Peter

2005-02-06T05:58:00.000-08:00

Reared

Liquid Crystal

2005-02-05T20:40:00.000-08:00

Substance that blends the structures and properties of the normally disparate liquid and crystalline solid states. Liquids can flow, for example, while solids cannot, and crystalline solids possess special symmetry properties that liquids lack. Ordinary solids melt into ordinary liquids as the temperature increases - e.g., ice melts into liquid water. Some solids

Rembrandt

2005-02-04T05:30:00.000-08:00

Another cluster of talented pupils worked with Rembrandt around 1640: Gerbrand van den Eeckhout (1621 - 74) from Amsterdam; Carel Fabritius (1622 - 54), later a leading painter in Delft; and Samuel van Hoogstraten (1627 - 78) of Dordrecht, later better known for his art theory, Inleyding tot de hooge schoole der schilderkonst (1678; �Introduction to the High School of Painting�). Each of these made his own variation

Philosophy

2005-02-03T23:23:00.000-08:00

The subject of philosophy is treated in a number of articles.

Leap Year

2005-02-02T17:43:00.000-08:00

Year containing some intercalary period, especially a Gregorian year having a 29th day of February instead of the standard 28 days. The astronomical year, the time taken for the Earth to complete its orbit around the Sun, is about 365.242 days, or, to a first approximation, 365.25 days. To account for the odd quarter day, an extra calendar day is added every four years, as was first done in 46 BC, with

Gadsden, James

2005-01-31T16:03:00.000-08:00

He graduated from Yale College in 1806 and engaged in business in his native city until 1812, when he was appointed a lieutenant of engineers in the U.S. Army. In 1820 he was made responsible for the establishment of military posts in Florida and supervised

Rollinia

2005-01-30T15:45:00.000-08:00

Genus of 65 tropical American trees and shrubs belonging to the family Annonaceae (order Magnoliales). Many have edible fruits similar in flavour and appearance to those of the genus Annona. Two species (R. mucosa and R. pulchrinervis), both called biriba by some authorities, are cultivated for their fruit. Most species of Rollinia are spined or segmented, green-skinned,

Lentulus Crus, Lucius Cornelius

2005-01-29T03:32:00.000-08:00

In 61 BC Lentulus was the chief accuser of Publius Clodius on a charge of sacrilege at a festival. Lentulus was a praetor in 58. As consul in 49 he advocated the rejection of all peace terms offered by Caesar in his conflict with the Senate. On the outbreak of the Civil War

General Santos

2005-01-28T23:59:00.000-08:00

Formerly �(1954) Buayan, � city, southern Mindanao, Philippines. The city is named for General Paulino Santos, who directed the pioneer settlement (mostly by Christian Filipino migrants) and development of the Koronadal Valley that began in the mid-1930s. General Santos city is located at the head of Sarangani Bay of the Celebes Sea along the southern shore of Mindanao. The city is a principal shipping

Gruy�re

2005-01-27T06:02:00.000-08:00

Gruy�re is formed in large wheels of 70 to 80 pounds (32 to 36 kg) with a brownish, wrinkled natural rind. The interior is pale gold with pea-sized, or slightly larger, holes and a rich, nutty flavour; it is similar to Emmentaler (q.v.) and other

Orange River

2005-01-26T14:42:00.000-08:00

River in southern Africa, one of the longest rivers on the continent and one of the longest south of the Tropic of Capricorn. After rising in the Lesotho Highlands, less than 125 miles (200 kilometres) from the Indian Ocean, the river flows to the Atlantic Ocean in a generally westerly direction for some 1,300 miles. The Orange traverses the veld region of South Africa, after which

Beira

2005-01-25T17:29:00.000-08:00

Former principality and historical province, north-central Portugal, extending from the banks of the Douro River in the north to the upper course of the Tagus in the southeast and from the Spanish frontier in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The region was reconquered from the Moors in the 8th century, but Moorish attacks continued until the 15th. It was also

Wu-t'ung-ch'iao

2005-01-24T01:06:00.000-08:00

Pinyin �Wutongqiao, � town in south-central Szechwan sheng (province), China. Situated between Lo-shan and I-pin on the Min River, Wu-t'ung-ch'iao was formerly a minor market town and briefly achieved status as a municipality from 1952 to 1958. It is chiefly noted as a major salt-producing area, the salt being drawn as brine from wells of medium depth. Barium and calcium chloride are also produced. Woolens,

Van Gennip, Yvonne

2005-01-23T21:12:00.000-08:00

At the start of the 1988 Games in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, much of the attention in the women's speed-skating competition was focused on the East German team, which had dominated at the previous Olympics, capturing

Carlos Mar�a De Los Dolores De Borb�n Y Austria-este, Duke (duque) De Madrid

2005-01-22T20:38:00.000-08:00

Don Carlos was the great-grandson of Charles IV (reigned 1788 - 1808) and the eldest son of the third Carlist pretender,

Sesostris Ii

2005-01-21T03:04:00.000-08:00

Following the established practice of his dynasty, Sesostris spent three years as his father's coregent. In year 1 of this period, a

Culture Area

2005-01-19T23:50:00.000-08:00

Among the most important writers on the subject of culture areas were Sir Halford Mackinder

Atbara River

2005-01-18T23:29:00.000-08:00

Arabic �Nahr 'atbarah, � river joining the Nile as its last tributary at the town of 'Atbarah in The Sudan. The Atbara River rises in the Ethiopian highlands north of Lake Tana and flows westward into The Sudan, turning north to receive the Angareb and Satit (Takaze) rivers before heading northwestward to the Nile. It flows for a total of 500 miles (805 km). A dam at the rapids of Khashm al-Qirbah was built for

Sun Tzu

2005-01-17T11:20:00.000-08:00

The book is traditionally attributed to Sun Tzu (personal name Sun Wu), a military strategist and general who served the state of Wu near the end of the Spring and Autumn Period (770 - 476 BC). It is more likely, however, that it was written early in the Warring

Boateng, Paul

2005-01-16T02:02:00.000-08:00

In full �Paul Yaw Boateng� British politician, the first person of African descent to serve in a British cabinet. He was the son of Kwaku Boateng, a lawyer who served as a cabinet minister in the Ghanaian government of Kwame Nkrumah, and Eleanor Boateng. He received his early education in Ghana and relocated to the United Kingdom in 1966 after the Ghanaian government was overthrown

Bioclimatology

2005-01-15T08:44:00.000-08:00

Branch of climatology that deals with the effects of the physical environment on living organisms over an extended period of time. Although Hippocrates touched on these matters 2,000 years ago in his treatise on Air, Waters, and Places, the science of bioclimatology is relatively new. It developed into a significant field of study during the 1960s owing largely to a growing

Earth, Magnetospheric substorms - unbalanced flux transfer

2005-01-14T22:39:00.000-08:00

Magnetospheric substorm is the name applied to the collection of processes that occur throughout the magnetosphere at the time of an auroral and magnetic disturbance. The term substorm was originally used to signify that the processes produce an event, localized in time and space, which is distinct from a magnetic storm. During a typical three-hour substorm, the

Dylan, Bob

2005-01-13T09:48:00.000-08:00

Original name �Robert Allen Zimmerman� American folksinger who moved from folk to rock music in the 1960s, infusing the lyrics of rock and roll, theretofore concerned mostly with boy-girl romantic innuendo, with the intellectualism of classic literature and poetry. Hailed as the Shakespeare of his generation, Dylan sold more than 58 million albums, wrote more than 500 songs recorded by more than

Berenice Iii

2005-01-12T04:39:00.000-08:00

Daughter of either Cleopatra Selene or Cleopatra IV, Berenice first married her uncle, Ptolemy X, sometime before 101. After the death in 101 of the dowager queen, Cleopatra III, the widow of Ptolemy VIII, Berenice became full queen. In 87 Ptolemy

Discriminant

2005-01-11T00:10:00.000-08:00

In mathematics, a parameter of an object or system calculated as an aid to its classification or solution. In the case of a quadratic equation ax2 bx c = 0, the discriminant is b2 - 4ac; for a cubic equation x3 ax2 bx c = 0, the discriminant is a2b2 18abc - 4b3 - 4a3c - 27c2. The roots of a quadratic or cubic equation with real coefficients are real and distinct if the discriminant is positive, real with at

Pend Oreille, Lake

2005-01-10T06:02:00.000-08:00

Lake in Kaniksu National Forest, northwestern Idaho, U.S. The largest lake in Idaho, it is about 40 miles (65 km) long and 4 miles (6.5 km) wide and covers an area of some 125 square miles (325 square km). It is about 2,500 feet (760 metres) deep and is noted for the highly prized Kamloops rainbow trout. The lake (the name of which is derived from the French name [Pend d'Oreille] for the Kalispel Indians, who wore ear

Aethelfrith

2005-01-09T02:31:00.000-08:00

Mosher, Eliza Maria

2005-01-08T10:46:00.000-08:00

In 1869, over the objections of friends and family, Mosher entered the New England Hospital for Women and Children as an intern apprentice. After a year she was forced to suspend her education

Wage And Salary

2005-01-07T07:55:00.000-08:00

The residual-claimant theory holds that, after all other factors of production have received their share of the product, the amount left goes to the remaining factor. Adam Smith implied such a theory for wages, since he said that rent would be deducted first and profits next. Francis A. Walker in 1875 worked out a residual theory of wages in which the shares of the landlord,

Gagnoa

2005-01-06T01:02:00.000-08:00

Town, southern C�te d'Ivoire. It is the chief collecting point for a forest region that sends coffee, cocoa, and timber (sipo and mahogany) to the coast for export and is a major market centre (rice, bananas, and yams) for the Bete and Gagu (Gagou) peoples. A paved road connects Gagnoa with Abidjan, the capital of C�te d'Ivoire. The town is the site of the government's first rural technical

Breccia

2005-01-05T05:00:00.000-08:00

There are three categories of breccia: sedimentary, pyroclastic or igneous, and cataclastic. The constituent fragments may be of one lithology such as a rock fractured in position, or of many

Bridgeport, University Of

2005-01-04T17:30:00.000-08:00

Private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Bridgeport, Conn., U.S. The university is composed of the College of Graduate and Undergraduate Studies (including the schools of arts, humanities, and social sciences; business; general studies; education and human resources; and science, engineering, and technology), the Fones School of Dental Hygiene, and the

Gongbi

2005-01-03T04:16:00.000-08:00

Wade-Giles romanization� kung-pi� in Chinese painting, meticulous brush technique that delimits details very precisely and without independent or expressive variation. It is often highly coloured and usually depicts figural or narrative subjects. The term gongbi is also used to refer to paintings that are generally more descriptive than interpretive. Gongbi paintings are considered to be

Nicholas Iv

2005-01-02T18:34:00.000-08:00

He joined the Franciscans when young and became their minister for Dalmatia. In 1272 Pope Gregory X sent him to Constantinople, where he took part in effecting a brief reunion with the Greeks. From 1274 to 1279 he was minister general of the Franciscans, and in 1281 Pope Martin IV made him cardinal

Hadley, George

2005-01-01T22:17:00.000-08:00

Though educated in law, Hadley preferred physics to legal work. A pamphlet describing the quadrant and a Latin translation of this

Bascom, Florence

2004-12-31T07:33:00.000-08:00

Bascom earned bachelor's and master's degrees at the University of Wisconsin, and she later received the first Ph.D. awarded to a woman at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (1893). Bascom then taught at Ohio State University

Nefertiti

2004-12-29T00:02:00.000-08:00

Nefertiti is best known for her portrait bust, found at Tell el-Amarna (ancient Akhetaton), the king's new capital.

Clove

2004-12-28T21:55:00.000-08:00

Small, reddish-brown flower bud of the tropical evergreen tree Syzygium aromaticum (sometimes Eugenia caryophyllata) of the family Myrtaceae, important in the earliest spice trade and believed indigenous to the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, of Indonesia. Strong of aroma and hot and pungent in taste, cloves are used to flavour many foods, particularly

Beartooth Range

2004-12-27T22:02:00.000-08:00

Segment of the northern Rocky Mountains in the United States, extending east-southeastward for 50 miles (80 km) from the Stillwater River, in southern Montana, to the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, in northwestern Wyoming. Many peaks rise to more than 12,000 feet (3,700 m), including Granite Peak (12,799 feet [3,901 m]), the highest point in Montana. It was through these mountains that Chief Joseph

Beartooth Range

2004-12-26T05:24:00.000-08:00

Masirah

2004-12-25T18:20:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Masira, � island of Oman, in the Arabian Sea, off the country's southeastern coast. The island is separated from the mainland by the narrow Tur'at (channel) Masirah. There is an airfield, occupied by the British until the late 1970s, at the northern tip. The Gulf of Masira lies between the island (north) and the Ra's (cape) al-Madrakah (south). Masirah is the habitat of large colonies of turtles. There

R�gnier, Henri (-fran�ois-joseph) De

2004-12-24T04:54:00.000-08:00

Born of an old Norman family, R�gnier began to prepare for a career as a diplomat, but while studying law in Paris he came under the influence of the Symbolist poets and published his first volume of poems, Lendemains (�Tomorrows�), in 1885. Other volumes followed: Les Jeux rustiques et

Earth, Dipolar field

2004-12-23T22:38:00.000-08:00

The magnetic field lines shown in the diagram are not real entities although they are frequently treated as such. A magnetic field is a continuous function that exists at every point in space. A field line is simply a means for visualizing the direction of this field. It is defined as a curve in three dimensions that is everywhere tangential to the local magnetic field.

Aceh

2004-12-22T17:14:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Acheh, Achin, or Atjeh, � daerah istimewa (special district) of Sumatra, Indonesia, forming the northern extremity of the island. The district's boundary with Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra) propinsi (province) to the east extends north-south from Salahaji on the northeastern coast just north of Aru Bay to a point on the southwestern coast about midway between Singkilbaru and Barus. Aceh, covering

Epic

2004-12-21T13:53:00.000-08:00

Long narrative poem recounting heroic deeds, although the term has also been loosely used to describe novels, such as Tolstoy's War and Peace, and motion pictures, such as Eisenstein's Ivan the Terrible. In literary usage, the term encompasses both oral and written compositions. The prime examples of the oral epic are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Outstanding examples

Lenormant, Fran�ois

2004-12-20T13:47:00.000-08:00

French Assyriologist and numismatist who recognized, from cuneiform inscriptions, a language now known as Akkadian that proved valuable to the understanding of Mesopotamian civilization 3,000 years before the Christian era. He published his first archaeological paper at 14 and went on to become a scholar of wide achievement. He published La Monnaie

Alabama, The 20th century

2004-12-19T01:30:00.000-08:00

In 1900 the state remained largely rural. The onset of the boll weevil in 1915 seriously damaged one-crop agriculture, forcing a diversification of the rural economy. Rural dwellers, mostly poor and black, began an exodus to Southern cities and to the North, where cheap foreign labour supplies had dried up during World War I. A factor in encouraging the out-migration of Alabama

Disc Jockey

2004-12-18T21:48:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �disk jockey� person who conducts a program of recorded music on radio, on television, or at discotheques or other dance halls. Disc jockey programs became the economic base of many radio stations in the United States after World War II. The format generally involves one person, the disc jockey, introducing and playing phonograph records and chatting informally and usually extemporaneously

Wind Instrument, The Classical period

2004-12-17T11:36:00.000-08:00

The Classical technique of winds doubling strings emerged in scoring for opera orchestras in the mid-17th century and continued to be important through the next century in the compositions of Haydn and Mozart. (Most 18th-century orchestras included at least four winds, usually two oboes and two horns; by the 1770s, Mozart was writing for double flutes, oboes, and bassoons, a

Furniture, 17th century: the Baroque style

2004-12-16T03:36:00.000-08:00

During the 17th century, the Baroque style had a marked effect upon furniture design throughout western Europe. Large wardrobes, cupboards, and cabinets had twisted columns, broken pediments, and heavy moldings. In Baroque furniture the details are related to the whole; instead of a framework of unrelated surfaces, each detail contributes to the harmonious movement

Literature

2004-12-15T14:17:00.000-08:00

The Turkish literary field proved fertile in 2001. Many impressive works of fiction with wide-ranging themes and topics appeared, including Ahmet Altan's Isyan g�nlerinde ask (�Love in Days of Rebellion�), about an early 20th-century fundamentalist uprising; Buket Uzuner's Uzun beyaz bulut - Gelibolu (�Tall White Cloud - Gallipoli�); Ayla Kutlu's Zehir zikkim hik�yeler (�Bitter

Digestive System Disease, Roundworms

2004-12-14T15:52:00.000-08:00

Roundworms, particularly Ascaris lumbricoides, may cause intestinal obstruction if present in sufficient numbers. As they mature from the larval state to the adult worm, roundworms migrate through the body, causing ascariasis, an infection characterized by fever, pneumonitis (lung inflammation), cholangitis (inflammation of the bile ducts), and pancreatitis

Hawrani, Akram Al-

2004-12-13T11:52:00.000-08:00

Hawrani's radical orientation had its roots in direct personal experience rather than in intellectual reflection. He resented the large landlords' exploitation of the Syrian peasantry and strove to rouse

Gash River

2004-12-12T13:52:00.000-08:00

Arabic �Nahr Al-qash,� river rising in southern Eritrea, near Asmara. After flowing southward, it turns west and forms the border between Eritrea (north) and Ethiopia (south) along its middle course. It then continues into northeastern Sudan to lose itself in the desert. In time of flood it reaches the Atbara River. It is known as the Mareb on its upper course and is used for irrigation around

Porphyry Copper Deposit

2004-12-11T08:08:00.000-08:00

Blanketlike replacement deposit of copper minerals that are disseminated throughout a large mass of fractured rock. Porphyry copper deposits commonly contain tens of millions of metric tons of ore that averages a fraction of 1 percent copper by weight; although they are low-grade, the deposits constitute important sources because they may be worked on a large

Muravyov, Mikhail Nikolayevich, Graf

2004-12-10T09:43:00.000-08:00

Muravyov was the grandson of Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov, known as the �hangman of Wilno� for his

Dis Pater

2004-12-09T02:36:00.000-08:00

(Latin: Rich Father), in Roman religion, god of the infernal regions, the equivalent of the Greek Hades (q.v.), or Pluto (Rich One). Also known to the Romans as Orcus, he was believed to be the brother of Jupiter and was greatly feared. His wife, Proserpina (a Roman corruption of the Greek Persephone [q.v.]), was identified with vegetation, being regarded as a goddess of death during her